May is winter in Australia but spring in Ireland where the May flower is the Hawthorn or an sceach gheal, the bright or white bush. We are delighted to have two articles this month from authors who have been inspired by the Hawthorn. This one is by Cork beekeeper Hanna Bäckmo that was published last year and is reproduced here with her permission.
Nothing depicts the Irish countryside in spring better than the endless hedges of whitethorn in full flower. Add to that rolling green hills, ancient stone walls and a flock of grazing sheep and the image is complete. It is not surprising to learn that the whitethorn tree has a strong presence in Irish folklore. It is also hugely important for providing pollen and nectar for our pollinators in spring.
Whitethorn, scientifically known as Crataegus monogyna, is a beloved and iconic plant in Ireland. It is renowned for its cultural significance, rich folklore, and its role in beekeeping. Also referred to by various names such as Hawthorn, May Bush, or Fairy Tree. This enchanting plant captures the imagination of both nature enthusiasts and storytellers.
In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of whitethorn. We will be exploring its diverse names, folklore and myths, its significance in beekeeping. We are also going to solve the intriguing mystery of their colour-changing flowers. Join us on this journey to uncover the magic and wonders of whitethorn!
Whitethorn’s Many Names
Whitethorn goes by numerous names in Ireland, reflecting its regional diversity and cultural associations. Some of the most common names include hawthorn, May bush, fairy tree, quick thorn, or simply whitethorn. Each name carries its own historical and mythological connotations, revealing the deep-rooted connection between this plant and the Irish landscape.
Hawthorn or Whitethorn is known as “Sceach Gheal” in the Irish language. The name “Sceach” refers to the hawthorn tree, while “Gheal” translates to “bright” or “white,” reflecting the tree’s white blossoms. The Irish language is rich in poetic and descriptive names. While “Sceach Gheal” is the most commonly used term, there are a few other names associated with Hawthorn in Irish folklore. The most common is “Sceachán”.
Other Irish names refer to the hawthorn tree as having mystical properties connected to healing and protection. And others to the everlasting or eternal tree. The many different names reflect the hawthorn’s resilience. It is known for its longevity and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions. These names reflect the reverence and significance that Hawthorn holds in Irish folklore, highlighting its connection to spirituality, protection, and enduring strength.
Furthermore, it is believed that the name Skehan is derived from the word Sceachán or Sceach. It has also been translated into Thornton. According to ancestry.com.
Whitethorn in Folklore and Myths
Whitethorn has long been intertwined with Irish folklore and mythology. In Irish tradition, the hawthorn is regarded as a sacred tree, often associated with fairies, spirits, and mystical beings. It is believed that disturbing or cutting down a whitethorn tree can bring misfortune or anger the fairies. The sight of a solitary hawthorn tree, standing proud in the middle of a field, is considered a gateway to the fairy realm, where one should tread carefully.
If you want to read more about the cultural significance of Whitethorn in Irish folklore and mythology, I can recommend: The Sceach Geal | Irish folklore and fairy tales from the Emerald Isle
Whitethorn and Beekeeping
From a beekeeping perspective, whitethorn holds immense importance due to its abundant nectar production during wet springs. The blossoms of the hawthorn tree attract bees with their strong scent and copious nectar. From this nectar, the bees produce a distinctive and aromatic honey.
Although to us humans, the flowers of the whitethorn bush do not smell particularly nice. (They have often been likened to the smell of rotten flesh.) Notwithstanding this, they are hugely important as a source of nectar an pollen to many pollinators. Including our Native Irish Honeybee. Bees and beekeepers eagerly anticipate the flowering of whitethorn as it signifies the beginning of a fruitful honey season, resulting in a delicious and highly sought after honey variety due both to its taste and scarcity during dry years.
Pollination and Nectar Production
Whitethorn relies on pollination to reproduce and develop its fruits, known as haws. Rather curiously, some years, the tree produces a lot of nectar to attract pollinators and other years produces abundant pollen to be dispersed not only by visiting pollinators but also by the wind to nearby trees for pollination. The weather plays a large role in determining the trees’ pollination strategy. In wet springs, the tree gauges the ground moisture level and produces lots of nectar. During dry springs, when it is dry and windy enough that the pollen won’t be washed away or made heavy by rain, it focuses instead on pollen production.
In wet springs, bees, along with other insects, play a crucial role in the pollination process by transferring pollen from one flower to another. After a prolonged wet spell in the spring, whitethorn produces an abundance of nectar, providing bees with a rich food source. This leads to the creation of delectable honey with distinct floral notes, much to the delight of honey enthusiasts.
Adaptations in Dry & Windy Springs
During dry and windy springs, the tree adapts to the conditions by prioritizing pollen production. In these conditions, the plant invests more energy into creating and releasing pollen, ensuring its survival and continued propagation. This adaptation allows Whitethorn to maximize its chances of successful pollination. Even when the ground is dry and subsequently the nectar availability is limited. These years, bees are seldom seen visiting, and colonies will not produce the delicious and much sought after Whitethorn honey.
Colour-changing Flowers
One of the fascinating aspects of Whitethorn is the transformation of its flowers after pollination has occurred. The flowers of the common white variety change colour to a delicate shade of pink, once they have been successfully pollinated. The flowers then darken further to a deep pink colour before the petals eventually fall off. Often you can see that one side (usually south facing) of the bush or tree has been pollinated before the others. So you can have a plant with white and pink flowers on it at the same time! This captivating phenomenon adds another layer of beauty and intrigue to the already enchanting world of Whitethorn.
Fun and Interesting Facts
Hawthorn has a long history of medicinal use. Its flowers, leaves, and berries have been used in traditional herbal medicine for various purposes. Including cardiovascular health and digestive ailments.
The hawthorn tree has been associated with fertility and love in folklore. It is often featured in rituals and celebrations related to May Day and Beltane.
In Irish tradition, it is considered bad luck to bring Whitethorn blossoms inside a home. This is because they are believed to carry the energy and presence of the fairies.
The hawthorn tree has been celebrated in literature and poetry throughout history. It is often used to symbolize endurance, resilience, and the beauty of the natural world.
Whitethorn’s dense and thorny branches make it an ideal choice for hedgerows. As such it provides habitats for birds, small mammals, and insects, while also acting as natural windbreaks. After pollination, it also provides heaps of haws or hawthorn berries for birds to feed on in autumn and winter.
Final Thoughts
Whitethorn, with its various names, captivating folklore, and significant role in beekeeping, has woven itself into the tapestry of Irish culture. Its abundant nectar production during wet springs provides bees with a source of nectar for a very sought-after aromatic honey, while its colour-changing flowers and rich mythological associations add to its mystique. Whether admired for its beauty, its honey, or revered for its cultural significance, Whitethorn continues to enchant and inspire all who encounter it. So, next time you come across a flowering whitethorn tree in our beautiful countryside, take a moment to appreciate the magic it holds and the stories it whispers from the depths of its blossoms.
Hanna Bäckmo Bio
Hanna Bäckmo is an award-winning beekeeper, entrepreneur, hobby gardener and internationally published writer. Originally from a small island in Sweden, she now lives in East Cork with her son, two dogs, a flock of rescue chickens and lots of bees. Hanna is the founder of Hanna’s Bees, producing a unique range of natural and sustainable honey, propolis, and beeswax products sold in Ireland’s leading Gift & Artisan food stores and select US outlets. With 70 colonies of Native Irish honeybees, she is a passionate bee-advocate and educator and is an Ambassador for the Native Irish Honeybee.
Tinteán 
May is autumn is Australia, with June July and August being winter.